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The 17 rare earth elements (REEs) are as diverse as they are challenging to pronounce. The group is made up of 15 lanthanides, plus yttrium and scandium, and each has different applications, pricing and supply and demand dynamics. Sound complicated? While the rare earths space is undeniably complex, many investors find it compelling and are interested in finding ways to get a foot in the door. Read on for a more in-depth look at the rare earths market and the many different REEs, plus a brief explanation of how to start investing in the sector. Rare earth elements market: Types of rare earths There are a number of ways to categorize and better understand REEs. For example, rare earths are often divided into “heavy” and “light” categories based on their atomic weight. Heavy rare earths are generally more sought after, but light REEs can of course be important too. Rare earths can also be grouped together according to how they are used. Those used to make magnet rare earths include praseodymium, neodymium, samarium and dysprosium, while phosphor rare earths — those used in lighting — include europium, terbium and yttrium. Cerium, lanthanum and gadolinium are sometimes included in the phosphor category as well. You can click here to learn more about heavy and light rare earths, and here for more information about the different uses of rare earths. One thing that is common to all the rare earths is that price information is not readily available — like other critical metals, rare earths are not traded on a public exchange. That said, some research firms do make pricing details available on occasion, sometimes for a fee. Rare earth elements market: Supply and demand As mentioned, each REE has different pricing and supply and demand dynamics. However, there are definitely overarching supply and demand trends in the sector. Perhaps most notably, China accounts for the vast majority of the world’s rare earths supply. It produced 105,000 MT of rare earths in 2016, with Australia coming in a very distant second at 14,000 MT. The Chinese monopoly on rare earths production has created problems in the past. For instance, rare earths prices spiked in 2010 and 2011 when the country imposed export quotas. The move sparked a boom in exploration for rare earths outside of China, but many companies that entered the space at that time fell off the radar when rare earths prices eventually fell again. Molycorp (OTCMKTS:MCPIQ), once North America’s only producer of rare earths, is one notable failure in the drive to produce the metals outside of China. It filed for bankruptcy in 2015. China no longer has REE export quotas in place — in 2014 the World Trade Organization ruled against them, and China removed the restrictions in 2015. Despite its key role in the rare earths space, China has long had problems with illegal mining. As part of its 12th Five-year Plan, the country closed 14 illegal rare earths mines as well as 28 companies. The overhaul of the sector is expected to continue during the 13th Five-year Plan, which will run from 2016 to 2020. As part of its efforts to curb illegal rare earths mining, China announced at the end of 2016 that it would limit its annual rare earths output to 140,000 MT by 2020. In terms of demand, Adamas Intelligence, a rare metals research firm, notes in a recent report that the rare earths market has “endured a wealth of demand destruction” since 2011. In the five years since then, upwards of 30,000 MT of rare earth oxide demand were lost annually due to concerns from end users about supply security. That said, the firm believes demand for rare earths will boom from 2020 onwards as growth rates for top end-use categories, including electric vehicles and other high-tech applications, accelerate. Rare earth elements market: How to invest The possibility of higher rare earths prices in the coming years has left some investors wondering how they can invest in rare earths. Unfortunately, investors looking for exposure to REEs have few options — buying physical rare earths is not possible, and few ETFs offer exposure to the metals. For that reason, the easiest and most direct way to invest in rare earths is through mining and exploration companies. While many such companies are located in China and are not publicly traded, there are still some that are accessible. Here is a list of rare earths-focused companies trading on the TSX, TSXV and ASX; all had market caps of over $50 million as of April 6, 2017: Alkane Resources (ASX:ALK), Greenland Minerals and Energy (ASX:GGG), Hastings Technology Metals (ASX:HAS), Lynas (ASX:LYC), Midland Exploration (TSXV:MD), Northern Minerals (ASX:NTU), Peak Resources (ASX:PEK), Ucore Rare Metals (TSXV:UCU) and Wealth Minerals (TSXV:WML). Some small-cap REE companies are also listed on those exchanges. Here’s a list of TSX-, TSXV- and ASX-listed rare earths companies that had market caps of less than $50 million as of April 6, 2017: Arafura Resources (ASX:ARU), Avalon Advanced Materials (TSX:AVL), Canada Rare Earth (TSXV:LL), Commerce Resources (TSXV:CCE), GeoMegA Resources (TSXV:GMA), Medallion Resources (TSXV:MDL), Matamec Explorations (TSXV:MAT), Orion Metals (ASX:ORM), Pele Mountain Resources (TSXV:GEM), Rare Element Resources (TSX:RES) and Search Minerals (TSXV:SMY). This description was last updated on April 10, 2017.

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Buying diamond jewelry is a common practise, but buying diamonds and trying to turn a profit isn’t an endeavor most investors undertake. That’s largely because diamond investing is a little bit tricky, especially for those used to investing in precious or base metals, whose prices move more predictably. For one thing, unlike metals like gold and silver, diamonds are valued subjectively; there is no simple cost-per-ounce valuation system for them, so investors can be left wondering whether different appraisers will assign their diamond the same value. Colored diamonds, which are rising in popularity, only complicate that issue. Connected to valuation is the problem of selling a diamond. Most diamonds are sold through retail stores at very high profit margins — in other words, an investor looking to profit from selling a diamond necklace or other jewelry would like suffer an enormous loss. Those issues dissuade many investors from getting involved in the diamond space, but they are by no means unsolvable. Generally the trap market participants fall into is thinking that every diamond can be considered an investment; however, as industry experts have pointed out, that’s simply not true. So what types of diamonds are considered investment quality? Interestingly, most white diamonds do not fall into that category. That’s because about 98 percent of all diamonds are of the white variety, meaning they are not that rare. Essentially, while some can be a valuable investment, to do so they must be amongst the largest and highest quality. Many involved in the diamond space are instead looking to opportunities in the colored diamond space. Only around 2 percent of all diamonds are colored, meaning that they are very rare. Colored diamonds come in a myriad of colors, with red and blue being among the rarest and most pricy. Yellow diamonds fall on the more affordable end of the spectrum, and brown diamonds are cheaper still. For investors looking for an entry point to the diamond market, they may be options to consider. All that said, buying physical diamonds is by no means the only way to gain a foothold in the diamond market. Investing in diamond stocks is also a possibility, though doing so requires some careful thinking. That’s because diamond exploration is costly compared to exploration for other resources, and in today’s tough markets companies are receiving little funding. In terms of pricing, diamonds did not fare very well in the first half of 2015. However, hope remains amongst industry experts. John Kaiser of Kaiser Research said recently that he’s looking longer term for improvement, noting, “long term, if you’re optimistic about global GDP growth and believe that, say, 2020 and beyond India is going to finally get traction and start to imitate what China accomplished in the last 15 years, you’re going to see again expanding wealth and prosperity in the world.”

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